2025 Reconciliation Resources

The 119th Congress is expected to use the reconciliation process to pass legislation with a significant fiscal impact, such as extending the expiring portions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). To ensure that the public has current and accurate information, the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget has been publishing various resources related to reconciliation and the possible debate around that legislation. The list below will be updated as we continue to publish additional products on the topic.

In order for the reconciliation process to begin, the House and Senate must pass a concurrent budget resolution that includes a deficit reduction or cost target for relevant committees. Each committee would then propose policies to meet those targets and compile them into reconciliation legislation. The final package would be eligible to be privileged in the Senate, meaning that it would not be subject to the filibuster. Since Congress never enacted a budget resolution for FY 2025, that resolution is still available to pass and begin the reconciliation process. Congress could also utilize an FY 2026 budget resolution. Read more in our Reconciliation 101 paper.

Offsets and Savings

• Higher Education Savings Options Compliant with Reconciliation Rules (6/26/25)
• Senate HELP Committee Proposes $355 Billion in Offsets (6/11/25)
• Medicare Waste is Rightly Back on the Table (6/9/25)
• Options for Reducing Energy-Related Tax Breaks (5/8/25)
• Ways & Means Has Plenty of Deficit Reduction Options (5/5/25)
• Energy & Commerce Has Plenty of Options (4/29/25)
• How Much Will Trump's New Tariffs Raise? (4/7/25)
• Potential Savings from Shrinking the Federal Workforce (3/7/25)
• Hundreds of Billions in Medicaid Savings from Financing Schemes (2/20/25)
• How Much Revenue Will Trump's Tariffs Raise? (2/4/25)
• Trump's Latest Tariff Plan Could Raise $1.5 Trillion (1/22/25)
• CBO's Medicare Savings Options (1/16/25)
• CBO's "Other Mandatory" Savings Options (1/8/25)
• Budget Offsets Bank (12/17/24)
• Options to Raise Tariff Revenue (12/17/24)
• Medicaid Savings Options (12/12/24)
• Options for Reducing the Revenue Loss of TCJA Extension (12/3/24)
• Reversing Biden Executive Actions Could Save up to $1.4 Trillion (11/26/24)
• There Are Plenty of Offsets for Tax Cut Extensions (11/25/24)
• $700 Billion of Easy Deficit Reduction (11/14/24)

Policy Products and Blogs

• 15 Major Problems with the Senate Reconciliation Bill (7/2/25)
• Senate OBBBA Includes Major "RECA" Entitlement Expansion (7/2/25)
• Comparing the Senate and House OBBBAs (7/2/25)
• Marc Goldwein on CBS Evening News Plus (6/30/25)
• The Senate OBBBA in Charts (6/30/25)
• CBO Score Shows Senate OBBBA Adds Over $3.9 Trillion to Debt (6/28/25)
• Senate SALT Giveaway is Far Bigger Than the House's (6/28/25)
• Senate OBBBA Violates House Budget Instructions (6/28/25)
• Maya MacGuineas Joins Prof G Markets to Discuss Tax Bill (6/27/25)
• OBBBA Would Accelerate Social Security & Medicare Insolvency (6/27/25)
• Senate Reconciliation Bill Could Add Over $4 Trillion to Debt (6/27/25)
• CEA's Fantastical Economic Assumptions (6/25/25)
• Senate Proposes $4.2 Trillion of Tax Cuts (6/23/25)
• OBBBA Would Cost More on a Dynamic Basis, Says CBO (6/18/25)
• OBBBA's 30-Year Price Tag (6/16/25)
• Maya MacGuineas: Trump's Bill is Big, But Definitely Not Beautiful (6/13/25)
• How Much Would OBBBA Pay For Itself? (6/12/25)
• Mortgage Costs Could Rise Under Debt-Financed Reconciliation Bill (6/6/25)
• Tariffs Won't Cover OBBBA's Costs (6/5/25)
• CBO Estimates $3 Trillion of Debt from House-Passed OBBBA (6/4/25)
• Permanent House Tax Cuts Come with $5.2 Trillion Price Tag (6/4/25)
• Breaking Down the One Big Beautiful Bill (6/4/25)
• House Reconciliation Bill Barely Slows Spending Growth (6/2/25)
• What Would It Take to Reach "Big, Beautiful, Balance"? (6/2/25)
• Five Ways the Senate Can Improve OBBBA (5/29/25)
• Further SALT Cap Relief Only Benefits High Earners (5/21/25)
• CBO's First Score of House Reconciliation Bill (5/21/25)
• House Bill Would Put 3% Deficit Far Out of Reach (5/20/25)
• Interest Costs Could Explode from High Rates and More Debt (5/20/25)
• Changes Move Reconciliation Bill in the Wrong Fiscal Direction (5/20/25)
• Reconciliation Bill Sets up $4.8 Trillion Fiscal Cliff in 2028 (5/19/25)
• America's Truss Moment? (5/16/25)
• House Reconciliation Bill Would Massively Increase Near-Term Deficits (5/15/25)
• Further SALT Relief Would Be a Mistake (5/14/25)
• Adding Up the House Reconciliation Bill (5/14/25)
• Permanent Ways & Means Bill Could Add $5.3 Trillion to Deficits (5/13/25)
• Energy & Commerce Draft Would Help Limit Medicaid Gaming (5/12/25)
• Ways & Means Draft Could Add $5 Trillion to Deficits (5/10/25)
• Reconciliation Could Increase Spending Under Senate Instructions (5/7/25)
• Higher Treasury Yields Would Add Trillions to the Debt (5/6/25)
• House Education and Workforce Committee Proposes $351 Billion in Offsets (4/29/25)
• Extending TCJA is as Big as Doubling Social Security's Shortfall (4/29/25)
• Unpaid-for Tax Cuts Would Shrink Incomes, CBO Finds (4/21/25)
• Comparing the House vs. Senate on FY 2025 Reconciliation (4/17/25)
• Deficits Could Reach $3.5T With Senate Instructions (4/16/25)
• Senate Instructions Could Add $1.1T in Interest Costs (4/11/25)
• Unpaid-for TCJA Extension Would Shrink the Economy, CBO Says (4/8/25)
• Either Reconciliation Approach Would Raise Debt Ceiling with More Borrowing (4/8/25)
• Memo: CEA's Flawed Analysis Does Not Show TCJA Extension Would Produce 3% Growth (4/4/25)
• Senate Instructions Would Push Fiscal Goals Further Out of Reach (4/4/25)
• Senate Budget Could Enable Unprecedented Deficit Increase (4/4/25)
• What's in the Senate's Concurrent FY 2025 Budget? (4/3/25)
• Rumored Senate Reconciliation Instructions Would Double Debt Growth (4/2/25)
• Fiscal Goals Become Very Difficult with Reconciliation Plans (4/1/25)
• The House's $2 Trillion in Spending Cuts Should be an Absolute Minimum (3/31/25)
• Medicare Advantage Will Be Overpaid by $1.2 Trillion (3/26/25)
• Tax Cut Extensions Would Add $37 Trillion to Debt by 2054 (3/24/25)
• Ending Taxes Below $150,000 Would Lose $10 to $15 Trillion (3/21/25)
• Senators Push Back Against Current Policy Gimmick (3/20/25)
• Experts Push Back on Current Policy Switch (3/14/25)
• A $2 Trillion Cut Compared to $86 Trillion in Spending (3/13/25)
• Putting the Reconciliation Resolution in Context (3/11/25)
• House Spending Cuts Would Not Be Largest in History (3/10/25)
• New Estimates Confirm Economic Growth Won't Pay for Tax Cuts (3/6/25)
• "Current Policy Baseline" Gimmick Could Explode the Debt (2/27/25)
• House Budget Allows At Least $2.8 Trillion of Deficit Increases (2/21/25)
• What's in the Senate Budget Committee's Budget Resolution? (2/20/25)
• Taking a Closer Look at the House Budget's Reconciliation Instructions (2/12/25)
• $3 Trillion of Dynamic Feedback is Fantasy Math (2/7/25)
• Trump Tax Priorities Total $5 to $11 Trillion (2/6/25)
• Interest Costs Would Explode with $5.5 Trillion Reconciliation Package (2/5/25)
• Weakening the SALT Cap is Costly, Benefits High-Earners, & Increases Tax Complexity (1/29/25)
• FY 2025 & 2026 Budget Resolution Principles (1/24/25)
• Has TCJA Paid for Itself? (1/22/25)
• Putting Numbers to TCJA Dynamic Feedback Estimates (1/9/25)
• Weakening the SALT Cap Would be a Costly Mistake (1/9/25)
• Kent Conrad: The Conrad Rule is the Answer to our Budget Reconciliation Woes (12/17/24)
• TCJA Extension Might Not Pay for Any of Itself (12/10/24)
• You Can’t Just Wish Away Deficit Effects by Assuming Something is Permanent (11/21/24)
• Plans to Address TCJA Expirations (10/17/24)
• Bipartisan Group Urges Congress to Pay for Tax Cut Extension (10/16/24)
• SALT Cap Expiration Could Be Costly Mistake (8/28/24)
• TCJA Extension Could Add $4 to $5 Trillion to Deficits (6/13/24)
• Tax Cut Extension Would Only Pay for 1% to 14% of Itself (6/6/24)
• Build Your Own Tax Extensions

Educational Materials

• Senate FY 2025 Reconciliation Tally (6/24/25)
• 2025 Reconciliation Tracker (6/20/25)
• FY 2025 Reconciliation Bill Tally (6/4/25)
• Chartbook: Reconciliation 101 (2/28/25)
• Meeting Fiscal Goals Under CBO's January 2025 Baseline (1/29/25)
• Reconciliation 101 (11/18/24)
• Meeting Fiscal Goals Under CBO’s June 2024 Baseline (7/25/24)

Press Releases

• A Dark Day for Our Fiscal Future (7/3/25)
• Senate Jumps Off a Budget Cliff on Reconciliation (7/1/25)
• Newest Senate Reconciliation Bill Would Explode the Debt (6/28/25)
• Senate Current Policy Gimmick Masks $4.2 Trillion of Borrowing (6/23/25)
• CRFB Reaction to House Reconciliation Passage (5/22/25)
• Stop Making Reconciliation Worse (5/21/25)
• Moody's Downgrade Highlights Seriousness of Fiscal Situation (5/16/25)
• A Tale of Two Committees (5/12/25)
• CRFB Reacts to Ongoing Reconciliation Deliberations (5/7/25)
• House Education & Workforce Committee Proposes Thoughtful Higher Ed Reforms (4/28/25)
• Policymakers May Double Down on Baseline Manipulation (4/23/25)
• CRFB Reaction to Budget Resolution Adoption (4/10/25)
• The House Should Hold the Line on Deficit Reduction (4/8/25)
• The Senate Abandons All Semblance of Fiscal Responsibility (4/4/25)
• CRFB Reacts to Senate Proposed Budget (4/2/25)
• Senate Should Not Undermine Budget Rules to Pass Tax Cuts (4/2/25)
• Budget Resolution Must Have Real Savings Instructions for the Senate (3/27/25)
• Raise the Debt Ceiling & Reduce the Debt (3/26/25)
• Lawmakers Should Ensure Reconciliation Reduces Debt (3/25/25)
• CRFB Reaction to the President's Joint Address to Congress (3/5/25)
• Continued Inflation Highlights Danger of More Deficits (2/28/25)
• House Budget Passage Tees Up Trillions in Borrowing (2/25/25)
• House Budget Allows for Too Much Debt (2/18/25)
• House Reconciliation Instructions Sets Stage for Way Too Much Borrowing (2/12/25)
• Budget Resolutions Should Set Up Deficit Reducing Reconciliation (2/11/25)
• Reconciliation Should Indeed Reduce Budget Deficits (1/31/25)
• Current Policy Baseline Would Set Dangerous Precedent (1/27/25)
• Budget Resolution Should Provide a Plan for Realistic Debt Reduction (1/8/25)
• Deficit-Reducing Reconciliation Is Just What We Need (12/18/24)
• Policymakers Should Include Dynamic Scores for Tax Reform (12/2/24)
• Budget Reconciliation Should Be Used to Reduce the Debt, Not Add to It (11/19/24)
• Tax Cuts Need Offsets, Not Baseline Games (9/26/24)

Events

• Reconciliation 101: The Budget Resolution & What Comes Next (2/25/25 at 2:00 PM ET)