Breaking Down the One Big Beautiful Bill
The House of Representatives’ Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 reconciliation bill – titled the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 (OBBBA) – would add $2.5 trillion to primary deficits over the coming decade, adding $3.1 trillion to the debt including interest. If its temporary provisions are extended without offsets, we estimate it would add $5.1 trillion to the debt including interest.
The table below is a comprehensive tally of each provision included in the respective committee bills that make up the OBBBA, along with a deficit impact estimate from the Congressional Budget Office. This table will be updated if additional changes are made.
| Provision | Deficit Increase (-) / Decrease FY2025-FY2034 |
|---|---|
| Ways and Means Committee | |
| Extend & Expand Rate Cuts | -$2,177 billion |
| Extend AMT Repeal for Most Taxpayers | -$1,414 billion |
| Extend & Expand Standard Deduction Hike | -$1,308 billion |
| Repeal Personal/Dependent Exemption | $1,870 billion |
| Extend & Expand Child Tax Credit Increase | -$797 billion |
| Extend & Expand 199A Pass-Through Deduction | -$820 billion |
| Replace Pease w/ Itemized Deduction Limit | $41 billion |
| Cap SALT at $30k, phased down to $10k at Higher Incomes; Reduce Workarounds | $916 billion |
| Extend Other Deduction Changes | $47 billion |
| Extend & Expand Estate Tax Cut | -$212 billion |
| Subtotal, Extend & Expand TCJA Individual Provisions | -$3,855 billion |
| Revive Bonus Depreciation through 2029 | -$37 billion |
| Revive Domestic R&E Expensing through 2029 | -$23 billion |
| Revive Looser Interest Limit through 2029 | -$40 billion |
| Extend Lower International Rates | -$174 billion |
| Extend & Expand Opportunity Zones through 2033 | -$5 billion |
| Subtotal, Revive TCJA Business Provisions | -$278 billion |
| No Tax on Tips Through 2028 | -$40 billion |
| No Tax on Overtime Through 2028 | -$124 billion |
| Higher Senior Standard Deduction through 2028 | -$72 billion |
| No Tax on Car Loans through 2028 | -$58 billion |
| Health Savings Account Expansions | -$44 billion |
| Establish "MAGA Accounts" | -$17 billion |
| Other Individual Tax Cuts | -$48 billion |
| Allow Expensing of Factories through 2028 | -$148 billion |
| Extend Clean Fuel Tax Credit through 2031 | -$45 billion |
| Other Business and Related Tax Cuts | -$68 billion |
| Expand Definition of a Rural Emergency Hospital Under Medicare | -$1 billion |
| Subtotal, New Tax Cuts and Spending | -$664 billion |
| Repeal EV Tax Credits | $191 billion |
| Phase Out Energy, Production, and Manufacturing Credits | $237 billion |
| Repeal or Reform other IRA Credits | $131 billion |
| Foreign Corporate Retaliation Tax | $116 billion |
| Reduce ACA Overpayments and Payments to Immigrants | $181 billion |
| Modify "De Minimis" Entry Privilege for Commercial Shipments | $39 billion |
| Expand Executive Compensation Deduction Limit | $19 billion |
| Increase College Endowment Tax | $23 billion |
| Impose Remittance Excise Tax | $22 billion |
| Other Offsetting Provisions | $63 billion |
| Subtotal, Offsets | $1,022 billion |
| Subtotal, Ways and Means Committee | -$3,775 billion (-$4.5 trillion cap) |
| Armed Services Committee | |
| Shipbuilding | -$31.8 billion |
| Air Superiority and Missile Defense | -$30.3 billion |
| Munitions and Supply Chain | -$19.5 billion |
| Scaling Development and Production of New, Low-Cost Weapons Systems | -$13.0 billion |
| Nuclear Deterrence | -$12.6 billion |
| Enhance Military Readiness | -$10.9 billion |
| Deterrence and Readiness in the Pacific Theater | -$10.5 billion |
| Military Personnel | -$8.1 billion |
| Border Security and Narcotics | -$4.9 billion |
| Military Intelligence, Cyber Security, and Oversight | -$2.3 billion |
| Subtotal, Armed Services Committee | -$144.0 billion (-$100 billion cap) |
| Homeland Security Committee | |
| Border Wall Construction and Border Security Facilities Improvements | -$49.7 billion |
| CBP Personnel and Vehicles | -$8.3 billion |
| CBP Technology, National Vetting Center, and Other Border Security Enhancements | -$6.3 billion |
| Security, Planning, and Other Costs Related to 2026 FIFA World Cup and 2028 Olympics | -$1.6 billion |
| Homeland Security Grants and Reimbursements to State and Local Jurisdictions | -$1.3 billion |
| Subtotal, Homeland Security Committee | -$67.1 billion (-$90 billion cap) |
| Judiciary Committee | |
| Visa Integrity Fee | $28.9 billion |
| Fee Relating to Termination, Renewal, and Extension of Employment Authorization for Asylum Applicants | $13.6 billion |
| Form I-94 Fee | $10.8 billion |
| Diversity Immigrant Visa Fees | $5.6 billion |
| Fee Relating to Renewal and Extension of Employment Authorization for Aliens Granted Temporary Protected Status | $4.4 billion |
| Other Immigration Fees | $10.9 billion |
| Adult Alien Detention Capacity and Family Residential Centers | -$45.0 billion |
| Transportation and Removal Operations | -$14.4 billion |
| Hiring of Additional U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Personnel | -$8.0 billion |
| Unaccompanied Alien Children Capacity | -$2.8 billion |
| Other Spending Provisions | -$11.0 billion |
| Subtotal, Judiciary Committee | -$6.9 billion (-$110 billion cap) |
| Energy and Commerce Committee | |
| Require States to Establish Medicaid Work Requirements | $273.4 billion |
| Change Eligibility and Enrollment Rules | $172.1 billion |
| Address Waste, Fraud, and Abuse in ACA Exchanges | $105.1 billion |
| Freeze New or Increased Provider Taxes | $77.4 billion |
| Revise the Payment Limit for Certain State Directed Payments | $72.5 billion |
| Increase Frequency of Medicaid Eligibility Redeterminations | $49.4 billion |
| Require Uniform Tax for Medicaid Provider Taxes | $33.9 billion |
| Repeal and Freeze Nursing Home Staffing Standards Rule | $23.1 billion |
| Ensure Appropriate Address Verification Under the Medicaid and CHIP Programs | $17.4 billion |
| Modify Cost-Sharing Requirements in Medicaid Program | $13.0 billion |
| Other Health Related Offsets | $42.6 billion |
| Modify Update to Conversion Factor Under the PFS | -$8.9 billion |
| Expand Drug Price Negotiation to Include Orphan Drugs | -$4.9 billion |
| New Health Related Tax Breaks | -$1.2 billion |
| Other Health Related Spending | -$1.1 billion |
| Interactions | -$74.2 billion |
| Subtotal, Health Care | $789.8 billion |
| Repeal Biden Administration "Tailpipe" Vehicle Emissions Rule and CAFE Standards | $104.9 billion |
| Hold Spectrum Auctions | $88.0 billion |
| Repeal and Rescind Funding from Various Energy and Environment Projects | $6.1 billion |
| Other Energy Related Offsets | $1.8 billion |
| Replenish Strategic Petroleum Reserve | -$2.0 billion |
| Fund Artificial Intelligence Development and IT Modernization Efforts | -$0.5 billion |
| Other Energy Related Spending | -$0.2 billion |
| Subtotal, Energy, Environment, and Communications | $198.0 billion |
| Subtotal, Energy and Commerce Committee | $987.8 billion ($880 billion floor) |
| Education and Workforce Committee | |
| Replace SAVE and Other Income Contingent Repayment Plans with New Simplified Repayment Plan and Other Reforms | $294.6 billion |
| Reform Loan Limits by Repealing Grad PLUS Loans, Boosting Undergraduate Lending, and Limiting Graduate and Parent PLUS Borrowing, Among Other Reforms | $51.2 billion |
| Prevent Presidents from Unilaterally Enacting Debt Cancellation | $31.8 billion |
| Repeal Loan Discharge Authority and Certain Accountability Rules for For-Profit and Underperforming Schools | $9.0 billion |
| Establish "Risk Sharing" and Performance Grants to Encourage Schools to Lower Costs and Improve Quality | $6.2 billion |
| Tighten Pell Grant Eligibility and Create Workforce Pell | $7.7 billion^ |
| Use Mandatory Pell Savings to Reduce Discretionary Pell Shortfall | -$10.5 billion |
| Modify Eligibility for Non-Citizens and Exempt Certain Assets from Financial Aid Calculation | $0.5 billion |
| Interactions | -$41.3 billion |
| Subtotal, Education and Workforce Committee | $349.1 billion ($330 billion floor) |
| Agriculture Committee | |
| Establish SNAP Matching Funds Requirement for States | $128.3 billion |
| Strengthen SNAP Work Requirements and Restrict Eligibility for Undocumented Individuals | $96.4 billion |
| Limit Executive Power to Increase Agricultural Subsidies | $36.8 billion |
| Reduce Federal Share of Administrative Costs for SNAP Program | $27.4 billion |
| Exclude Internet Expenses from SNAP Benefit Calculations | $11.0 billion |
| Use SNAP Database to Prevent Undue Issuances of Other Federal Benefits | $7.4 billion |
| Other Savings Provisions | $13.3 billion |
| Increase Farm Subsidies and Other Agricultural Safety Net Programs | -$52.3 billion |
| Fund Agricultural Trade Promotion | -$2.0 billion |
| Other Spending Provisions | -$3.9 billion |
| Interactions | -$24.0 billion |
| Subtotal, Agriculture Committee | $238.2 billion ($230 billion floor) |
| Oversight Committee | |
| Increase Federal Employee Retirement Contributions to 4.4% | $31.8 billion |
| Eliminate FERS Annuity Supplement | $10.0 billion |
| Base FERS and CSRS Pension Benefit on Top 5 Earning Years | $3.1 billion |
| “At-Will” Employment for New Federal Employees and Filing Fee for MSPB Claims and Appeals | $4.5 billion |
| Enact “Comprehensive Audit” of FEHB Dependents | $1.5 billion |
| Subtotal, Oversight Committee | $51.0 billion ($50 billion floor) |
| Transportation and Infrastructure Committee | |
| Highway Trust Fund Fees for Electric Vehicles | $64.2 billion |
| Inflation Reduction Act Rescissions | $4.0 billion |
| Vessel Tonnage Duties | $0.3 billion |
| U.S. Coast Guard Assets for Border Security and Counter Narcotics | -$19.6 billion |
| Air Traffic Control Improvements | -$12.0 billion |
| Kennedy Center Funding | -$0.3 billion |
| Subtotal, Transportation and Infrastructure Committee | $36.6 billion ($10 billion floor) |
| Natural Resources Committee | |
| Onshore Oil and Gas Leasing | $12.8 billion |
| Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing | $6.3 billion |
| Alaskan Oil and Gas Leasing | $1.5 billion |
| Federal Land Sales | $1.1 billion |
| Environmental Review Fees | $1.0 billion |
| Other Revenue Raisers | $1.4 billion |
| Water Storage and Conveyance | -$2.5 billion |
| Limitation on Distribution of Outer Continental Shelf Program Revenues | -$1.2 billion |
| Funding for America's 250th Anniversary | -$0.2 billion |
| Subtotal, Natural Resources Committee | $20.2 billion ($1 billion floor) |
| Financial Services Committee | |
| Cap CFPB Authority to Draw Funds from Federal Reserve and Return Civil Penalty Funds to Treasury | $4.0 billion |
| Redirect PCAOB Support Fees to Treasury | $0.8 billion |
| Cap Assessments Collected by the Office of Financial Research | $0.3 billion |
| Green and Resilient Retrofit Program Rescissions | $0.1 billion |
| Subtotal, Financial Services Committee | $5.2 billion ($1 billion floor) |
| Interactions | ~-$150 billion |
| May 18 Changes | ~-$50 billion |
| TOTAL DEFICIT IMPACT SO FAR | -$2.5 trillion (-$2.8 trillion cap) |
| Interest | -$550 billion |
| TOTAL DEBT IMPACT WITH INTEREST | -$3.1 trillion |
Totals may not sum due to rounding
^ Would generate tens of billions in additional discretionary savings
What's Next
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