Defense
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Appropriations Watch: FY 2026
Read moreUpdated 11/13/25: After 43 days, the latest government shutdown ended on November 12 with a funding measure that provides full-year Agriculture...
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Appropriations 101
Read moreWhat are appropriations? How does Congress determine the total level of appropriations? How does Congress allocate appropriations? How are...
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Government Shutdowns Q&A: Everything You Should Know
Read moreFiscal Year (FY) 2025 will end on September 30, and Congress has so far enacted zero of the 12 full-year appropriations bills to fund the government...
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Appropriations Watch: FY 2025
Read moreUpdated 7/31/25: On July 24, President Trump signed a recissions package which rescinds $9 billion in federal funding that had previously been...
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What's In the One Big Beautiful Bill Act?
Read moreNote: This blog was updated on 8/4/25 to reflect CBO's newly-released estimates of the permanent cost of certain expiring tax provisions in OBBBA. The...
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Comparing the Senate and House OBBBAs
Read moreThe Senate has passed its version of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 reconciliation bill – the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). The table below is a...
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Senate Reconciliation Bill Could Add Over $4 Trillion to Debt
Read moreAs it currently stands, the Senate reconciliation bill is likely to add $3.5 to $4.2 trillion to the debt through Fiscal Year (FY) 2034, based on our...
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Breaking Down the One Big Beautiful Bill
Read moreNote: (06/23/2025) Some categorizations and numbers in the Ways and Means' section of the table below have been updated to more accurately reflect the...
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What’s in the Senate’s Concurrent FY 2025 Budget?
Read moreUpdate (4/11/2025): The Senate adopted the budget described below on April 5, 2025, and the House adopted the budget on April 10, 2025, making this...
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Government Shutdowns Q&A: Everything You Should Know
Read moreDiscretionary funding for Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 will expire on March 14, and Congress has so far enacted zero of the 12 full-year appropriations bills...
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Bipartisan Fiscal Forum Leaders Letter Calls to Address Debt
Read moreBipartisan Fiscal Forum co-chairs Rep. Scott Peters (D-CA) and Rep. Bill Huizenga (R-MI) recently led a letter to House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-LA)...
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Appropriations 101
Read moreThis paper has been updated here. What are appropriations? How does Congress determine the total level of appropriations? How does Congress allocate...